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style=";font-family:宋體">本文重點包括：橋梁基礎按施工方法，橋梁基礎按施工方法可分為擴大基礎、樁基礎、管柱、沉井、地下連續墻等，下面分別介紹各類基礎的分類及受力特點。</span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">一、擴大基礎</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></strong></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">所謂擴大基礎，是將墩（臺）及上部結構傳來的荷載由其直接傳遞至較淺的支承地基的一種基礎形式，一般采用明挖基坑的方法進行施工，故又稱為明挖擴大基礎或淺基礎。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span><strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:宋體">擴大基礎按其施工方法分為</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">:</span></strong></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">機械開挖基坑澆筑法</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">人工開挖基坑澆筑法</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">土石圍堰開挖基坑澆筑法</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">板樁圍堰開挖基坑澆筑法</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">擴大基礎按其材料性能特點可分為配筋與不配筋的條形基礎和單獨基礎。無筋擴大基礎常用的有混凝土基礎、片石混凝土基礎等，不配筋基礎的材料都具有較好的抗壓性，但抗拉、抗剪強度不高，設計時必須保證發生在基礎內的拉應力和剪應力不超過相應的材料強度設計值。鋼筋混凝土擴大基礎的抗彎和抗剪性能良好，可在豎向荷載較大、地基承載力不高以及承受水平力和力矩荷載下使用。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">擴大基礎是由地基反力承擔全部上部荷載，將上部荷載通過基礎分散至基礎底面，使之滿足地基承載力和變形的要求。擴大基礎主要承受壓應力，一般用抗壓性能好，抗彎拉、抗剪性能較差的材料（如混凝土、毛石、三合土等）建造，適用于地基承載力較好的各類土層，根據土質情況分別采用鐵鎬、十字鎬、挖掘機、爆破等設備與方法開挖。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">擴大基礎在埋置深度和構造尺寸確定以后，應先根據最不利而且有可能情況下的荷載組合，計算出基底的應力，然后進行基礎的合力偏心距、穩定性以及地基的強度（包括持力層、弱下臥層的強度）的驗算，需要時還應進行地基變形的驗算。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">二、樁基礎</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></strong></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">樁基礎是深入土層的柱形結構，其作用是將作用于樁頂以上的結構物傳來的荷載傳到較深的地基持力層中去。當荷載較大或樁數量較多時需在樁頂設承臺將所有基樁聯接成一個整體共同承擔上部結構的荷載。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">樁</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></strong></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">樁是垂直或微斜埋置于土中的受力桿仵，它的橫截面尺寸比長度小得多，其所承受的荷載由樁側土的摩阻力及樁端地層的反力共同承擔。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">（</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）樁的分類</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）按樁的使用功能分類</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">豎向抗壓樁：</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></strong></p><p style="line-height: 180%"><span style="font-size:12px;line-height:180%;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 180%"><span style=";line-height:180%;font-family:宋體">主要承受豎向下壓荷載（簡稱豎向荷載）的樁，應進行豎向承載力計算，必要時還需計算樁基沉降，驗算軟弱下臥層的承載力以及負摩阻力產生的下拉荷載。</span><span style="font-size:12px;line-height:180%;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">豎向抗拔樁：</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">主要承受豎向上拔荷載的樁，應進行樁身強度和抗裂計算以及抗拔承載力驗算。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">水平受荷樁：</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">主要承受水平荷載的樁，應進行樁身強度和抗裂驗算以及水平承載力和位移驗算。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">復合受荷樁：</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">承受豎向、水平荷載均較大的樁，應按豎向抗壓（或抗拔）樁及水平受荷樁的要求進行驗算。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">（</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）按樁承載性能分類</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">摩擦樁：當軟土層很厚，樁端達不到堅硬土層或巖層上時，則樁頂的極限荷載主要靠樁身與周圍土層之間的摩擦力來支承，樁尖處土層反力很小，可忽略不計。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">端承樁：樁穿過軟弱土層，樁端支承在堅硬土層或巖層上時，則樁頂極限荷載主要靠樁尖處堅硬巖土層提供的反力來支承，樁側摩擦力很小，可以忽略不計。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">摩擦端承樁：樁頂的極限荷載由樁側阻力和樁端阻力共同承擔，但主要由樁端阻力承受。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">端承摩擦樁：樁頂的極限荷載由樁側阻力和樁端阻力共同承擔，但主要由樁側阻力承受。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">（</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）按樁身材料分類</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">可分為木樁，混凝土樁，鋼樁，組合樁等。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">（</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">4</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）按樁徑大小分類</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">←</span><span style=";font-family:宋體">小</span><span style=";font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">—250←</span><span style=";font-family:宋體">中</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">→800—</span><span style=";font-family:宋體">大</span><span style=";font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">→ </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">小樁；樁徑</span><span style=";font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">d≤250mm</span><span style=";font-family:宋體">。</span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">中等直徑樁：</span><span style=";font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">250mm<D<800MM</span><span style=";font-family:宋體">。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">< span=""> </D<800MM</span><span style=";font-family:宋體">。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"><></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">大直徑柱：樁徑</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">d≥800mm</span><span style=";font-family:宋體">。因為樁徑大且樁端還可以擴大，因此，單樁承載力較高。此類樁除大直徑鋼管樁外，多數為鉆、沖、挖孔灌注樁，近年來的發展較快，應用范圍逐漸增大，并可實現柱下單樁的結構型式。</span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">（</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）按施工方法分類</span></strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">沉樁</span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">鉆孔灌注樁</span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">挖孔樁</span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）沉樁</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">錘擊沉樁法</span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">一般適用于松散、中密砂土、黏性土，樁錘有墜錘、單動汽錘、雙動汽錘、柴油機錘、液壓錘等，可根據土質情況選用適用的樁錘。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">振動沉樁法</span></strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">振動沉樁法一般適用于砂土，硬塑及軟塑的黏性土和中密及較松的碎石土。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">射水沉樁法</span></strong><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">射水沉樁法適用在密實砂土，碎石土的土層中，用錘擊法或振動法沉樁有困難時，可用射水法配合進行。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">靜力壓樁法</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">靜力壓樁法在標準貫入度</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">n<20</span><span style=";font-family:宋體">的軟黏土中，可用特制的液壓機或機力千斤頂或卷揚機等設備沉入各種類型的樁。</span><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）鉆孔灌注樁</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋體">鉆孔埋置樁為鉆孔后，將預制的鋼筋混凝土圓形有底空心樁埋入，并在樁周壓注水泥砂漿固結而成，適用于在黏性土、砂土、碎石土中埋置大量的大直徑圓樁。</span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 180%"><span style=";line-height:180%;font-family:宋體">鉆孔灌注樁適用于黏性土、砂土、礫卵石、碎石、巖石等各類土層。</span><span style="font-size:12px;line-height:180%;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 180%"><span style="font-size:12px;line-height:180%;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">）挖孔樁</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 180%"><span style=";line-height:180%;font-family:宋體">挖孔灌注樁適用于無地下水或少量地下水，且較密實的土層或風化巖層，如空氣污染物超標，必須采取通風措施。</span><span style=";line-height:180%;font-family:'Microsoft Yahei','serif'"> </span></p><p> <span style=";font-family:宋體"><img src="http://upload.ruituoyun.com/Upload/website/163/image/2021/02/22/6374958413539397731282877.jpg" title="92bc96d53295260207250dd83fa0497.jpg" alt="92bc96d53295260207250dd83fa0497.jpg"/></span></p><p><br/></p> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="fenye3_all allever" id="mould49468" data-pid="49468" data-type="30" 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